This paper proposes an improved two-layer optimization operation model for a PV–storage system based on a MPC algorithm. This is done in response to peak and valley tariffs and step tariff policies. The main contributions are as follows:. Integrated solar energy storage and charging power station is gradually being promoted and applied because of their energy-saving, environmental protection, and excellent economic characteristics. First, energy storage configuration models for each mode are developed, and the actual benefits are calculated from technical, economic, environmental, and. . The system has rich power of 0. 5- bilities and maintaining system stability [10 ]. Thus,the participation of energy storage stations is also crucial for ensuring the safety and onsidering a multi-time scale at the city level. How-ever, existing studies have not modelled the complex coupling between different. . This paper investigates the construction and operation of a residential photovoltaic energy storage system in the context of the current step–peak–valley tariff system.
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