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Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. A PSH system stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation.
A diagram of the TVA pumped storage facility at Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant in Tennessee, United States Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing.
The upper reservoir, Llyn Stwlan, and dam of the Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme in North Wales. The lower power station has four water turbines which generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising. Along with energy management, pumped storage systems help stabilize electrical network frequency and provide reserve generation.
Pumped storage power plants are currently the most economical way of efficiently storing large amounts of energy over a longer period. As the leading technology for energy storage services, pumped storage not only balances variable power production, but with its firm capacity it also serves as a reliable back-up.
Ember provides the latest capex and Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS) for large, long-duration utility-scale Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) across global markets outside China and the US, based on recent auction results and expert interviews. 1. All-in BESS projects now cost just $125/kWh as of October 2025 2.
A levelised cost of storage (LCOS) of $65/MWh. An all-in capex of $125/KWh leads to a cost of $65/MWh to move electricity, based on the latest real-world project parameters.
The EPC services and grid connection required to turn this equipment into an operational project can vary widely, but typically costs around $50 /kWh. This assumes land is provided by a tendering utility or purchased at a low cost. The largest variation in costs comes mainly from the grid connection fee.
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