Electrification in post-conflict Timor-Leste: Opportunities for energy
Semi-structured interviews with key institutional stakeholders revealed that the electrification program was implemented through a ''top-down'' approach, focussed on
Timor-Leste consumes 125 GWh of electricity per annum, an average of 95 kWh per person. The country has about 270 MW of electricity capacity, 119 MW in the city of Hera. Most of the energy infrastructure was destroyed by the Indonesian militias during the 1999 East Timorese crisis.
Overall, Timor-Leste's HDI has shown little improvement since 2010, while electricity access doubled to 100 %. The effects of improved electricity access on development outcomes appear less than observed internationally. Fig. 3. Timor-Leste's HDI component indices 2000–2021.
Timor-Leste's energy landscape is characterized by a growing demand for electricity and a heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. In 2022, almost all of the electricity being generated came from oil or other fossil sources. While 100% of the population have access to electricity, only 18% have access to clean cooking.
Stakeholder responses and anecdotal observations of rural households in Timor-Leste revealed that lighting, mobile phone charging, television, and radio dominate electricity use with limited adoption in agriculture-related activities. According to respondents, some farming groups operated small diesel generators for rice milling.
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